Dr Tom Acton BSc,HDip.Ed,HDip.Math,HDip.SD,MComm,PhD
Contact Details
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Biography:
| Dr. Tom Acton is a lecturer in Business Information Systems at the J.E. Cairnes
School of Business & Economics, National University of Ireland, Galway,
Ireland. His main research interests lie in decision support systems, usability
and acceptance, and mobile devices. He holds a PhD degree on Decision Support
for Small-Screen Information Systems. He holds other qualifications in mathematics, education,
software design, commerce and science. He has a number of journal publications,
book chapters and conference papers. Recently he has served as Vice Dean for Teaching & Learning, Associate Head of Teaching & Learning for the School of Business & Economics, and Head of the Business Information Systems discipline. Recently, he has also served as associate editor on a number of journals, including the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) and the Journal of Theoretical and Applied E-Commerce Research (JTAER). Selected Publications: Dabrowski, M. and Acton, T. (2013, forthcoming) The performance of recommender systems in online shopping: a user-centric study, Expert Systems with Applications. Coyle, S., Conboy, K. and Acton, T. (2013, forthcoming) Group Process Losses in Agile Software Development Decision Making, International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies, Special Issue on Information Systems and Service Based Systems. Dabrowski, M., Acton, T. and van der Heijden, H. (2012) Intelligent Product Search with Soft-Boundary Preference Relaxation, Expert Systems with Applications, 39 (2), pp 3279-3287. Sharkey, U., Scott, M. and Acton, T. (2010) The Influence of Quality on
E-Commerce Success - An Empirical Application of the DeLone and McLean IS
Success Model, International Journal of E-Business Research, 6
(1), pp. 68-84. Dabrowski, M. and Acton, T. (2010) Improving Decision Quality Through Preference Relaxation, In Bridging the Socio-Technical Gap in Decision Support Systems, Vol. 212 (Eds, Respicio, A., Adam, F., Phillips-Wren, G., Teixeira, C. and Telhada, J.) IOS Press, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 547-558. |
Research Interests
| Decision Making, Decision Support Systems, Usability and Acceptance, Mobile Information Systems |
Peer Reviewed Journals
| Dabrowski, Maciej; Acton, Thomas (2013) 'The performance of recommender systems in online shopping: a user-centric study'. Expert Systems With Applications, . [Details] |
| Dabrowski, Maciej; Acton, Thomas; van der Heijden, Hans (2012) 'Intelligent product search with soft-boundary preference relaxation'. Expert Systems With Applications, 39 :8279-8287. [DOI] [Details] |
| McHugh, Fearghal; Acton, Thomas (2012) 'First Steps in Innovative Tool Support for Decision Making in Agile Software Development'. International Journal of Innovations in Business, 1 (6):453-470. [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas; Coughlan, Chris (2013) 'Innovating in the Cloud'. International Journal of Innovations in Business, 2 (1):29-41. [Details] |
| Sharkey, Ultan; Acton, Thomas (2013) 'Innovations in Information Systems: from Transaction Processing to Expert Systems'. International Journal of Innovations in Business, 2 (2):207-224. [DOI] [Details] |
| Coyle, Sharon; Conboy, Kieran; Acton, Thomas (2013) 'Group Process Losses in Agile Software Development Decision Making'. International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies, . [Details] |
| Halonen, R.; Laukkanen, E.; Acton, T.; Conboy, K. (2010) 'Unstructured Knowledge Transfer in ICT Teams'. Journal Of Information And Knowledge Management, 9 :1-15. [Details] |
Scott, M.; Acton, T.; Hughes, M. (2005) 'An Assessment of Biometric Identities as a Standard for E-Government Services'. International Journal of Services and Standards, 1 :271-286.  [Details] |
| Barry, C.; Acton, T. (2005) 'The Design of an On-Line Masters in Technology Management: A Collaborative Effort'. Journal of Informatics Education Research, 7 :49-62. [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2003) 'Measuring Usability in User Interfaces: A Case of Divergent Metrics'. Interfaces, 55 :10-11. [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2003) 'Training the knowledge worker: a descriptive study of training practices in Irish software companies'. Journal of European Industrial Training, 27 :137-146. [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2002) 'Menus on 3G Phones: Usable or Not?'. Doing Business Across Borders, Special issue on Innovation and Technology, 1 :113-127. [Details] |
Books
| GOLDEN, W.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K. (2008) Proceedings of the 16th European Conference in Information Systems (ECIS2008). Ireland: NUI Galway. [Details] |
Book Chapters
| Sharkey, U.; Scott, M.; Acton, T. (2012) 'The Influence of Quality on E-Commerce Success - An Empirical Application of the DeLone and McLean IS Success Model' In: Lee, I (eds). Transformations in E-Business Technologies and Commerce: Emerging Impacts. Chicago, USA: IGI Global. [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T. (2010) 'Improving Decision Quality Through Preference Relaxation' In: Bridging the Socio-Technical Gap in Decision Support Systems. IOS Press, Lisbon, Portugal. [Details] |
| Scott, M., Hill, S., Acton, T., & Hughes, M. (2006) 'Biometric Identities and E-government Services' In: Encyclopedia of e-commerce, e-government, and mobile commerce. Idea Group Reference, Hershey. [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2006) 'Mobile Interfaces for Decision Support' In: Creativity and Innovation in Decision Making and Decision Support. P. Ludic Publishing Ltd. [Details] |
Edited Books
| Acton, Thomas; Swatman, Paul (Ed.). (2003) Proceedings of the 8th European Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technologies and Research (CollECTeR) Conference. Ireland: Hewlett-Packard. [Details] |
| Golden, W.; Acton, T.; Conboy, K.; Lang, M (Ed.). (2008) Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2008). Galway, Ireland: NUI Galway & Hewlett-Packard Galway. [Details] |
Other Journals
| Flanagan, D,; Acton, T.; Campion, M.; Hill, S.; Scott, M. (2008) 'Intranet Redesign and Change Management: Perspectives on Usability' International Business Research 1 (2) . [Details] |
Conference Publications
| McHugh, Fearghal; Acton, Thomas (2013) The importance of decision support in team-based and fast paced environments 2nd Annual Limerick Postgraduate Research Conference Limerick, Ireland, , 06-JUN-13 - 06-JUN-13 [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas (2013) Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A Viable Alternative for Irish e-Government The 26th Bled eConference - eInnovation: Impacts of Individuals, Organizations and Society Bled, Slovenia, , 09-JUN-13 - 13-JUN-13 , pp.23-31 [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas (2013) Open Innovation as a Route to Value in Cloud Computing The 26th Bled eConference - eInnovation: Impacts of Individuals, Organizations and Society Bled, Slovenia, , 09-JUN-13 - 13-JUN-13 , pp.421-428 [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas (2013) Opening the Door to Innovation in Cloud Computing 12th Information Technology & Telecommunication Conference (IT&T) Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland, , 09-MAY-13 - 10-MAY-13 [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas (2013) Enterprise Resource Planning for E-Government in the Cloud 2nd International Virtual Conference on Management Science and Informatics (ICTIC) Zilina, Slovakia, , 25-MAR-13 - 29-MAR-13 [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas (2013) Value Creation and Capture with Cloud Computing: A Theoretical Framework UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) Worcester College, Oxford, UK, , 19-MAR-13 - 20-MAR-13 [Details] |
| O'Riordan, Niamh; Conboy, Kieran; Acton, Thomas (2012) A CLOCKWORK ORgANisation: Proposing a new theory of organisational temporality . In: LeBrocq, Adam; Gregor, Shirley eds. Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS) sponsored Theory Development Workshop Orlando, Florida, USA, , 16-DEC-12 - 16-DEC-12 [Details] |
| McHugh, Fearghal; Acton, Thomas (2012) Better Decisions: Innovative Tool Support for the Software Development Organisation Global Conference on Innovations and Management London, UK, , 22-NOV-12 - 24-NOV-12 [Details] |
| Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas (2012) Innovating in the Cloud Global Conference on Innovations and Management London, UK, , 22-NOV-12 - 24-NOV-12 [Details] |
| Sharkey, Ultan; Acton, Thomas (2012) From Transaction Processing to Expert Systems Global Conference on Innovations and Management London, UK, , 22-NOV-12 - 24-NOV-12 [Details] |
| Sharkey, Ultan; Acton, Thomas, Conboy, Kieran (2012) Concurrent and Retrospective Think-Aloud Protocols for Information Systems Research . In: Pucihar, Andreja eds. 25th Bled eConference: eDependability Bled, Slovenia, , 17-JUN-12 - 20-JUN-12 [Details] |
| SHARKEY, U.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K. (2012) Optimal Experience in Online Shopping: The Influence of Flow . In: Pries Heje, J. and Chiasson, M eds. 20th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Barcelona, Spain, , 10-JUN-12 - 13-JUN-12 [DOI] [Details] |
| O'Riordan, Niamh; Acton, Thomas; Conboy, Kieran; Golden, Willie (2012) It’s about time: investigating the temporal parameters of decision making in agile teams 21st International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD) Prato, Italy, , 28-AUG-12 - 29-AUG-12 [Details] |
| COYLE, S.; CONBOY, K.; ACTON, T. (2011) A Proposed Study of Contributions in Agile Systems Development 6th International Research Workshop on IT Project Management, a pre-conference workshop for the 2011 International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), hosted by the Special Interest Group for IT Project Management (SIGITProjMgmt) with the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Shanghai, China, [Details] |
| DRURY, M.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K.; GOLDEN, W. (2011) The Role of Experience in Agile Software Development Decision Making 6th International Research Workshop on IT Project Management, a pre-conference workshop for the 2011 International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), hosted by the Special Interest Group for IT Project Management (SIGITProjMgmt) with the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Shanghai, China, [Details] |
| COYLE, S.; CONBOY, K.; ACTON, T. (2011) Losing the Plot: Decision Behaviours in Agile Systems Development 22nd Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS) Sydney, Australia, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T. (2011) Beyond Similarity-Based Recommenders: Preference Relaxation and Product Awareness 12th conference on Electronic Commerce and Web Technologies (EC-Web) Toulouse, France, [Details] |
| DABROWSKI, M.; ACTON, T.; DRURY, M.; CONBOY, K.; DABROWSKA, A. (2011) Agile Software Development: A Case for Adequate Decision Support Tools 17th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) Detroit, Michigan, USA, [Details] |
| Dabrowska, A.; Acton, T. (2010) Re-evaluating the Concept of Time Pressure The IADIS (International Association for Development of the Information Society) Conference on Information Systems Porto, Portugal, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T. (2010) Modelling Preference Relaxation in e-Commerce IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems FUZZ-IEEE Barcelona, Spain, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M. and T. Acton (2010) Improving Decision Quality Through Preference Relaxation IFIP WG 8.3 International Conference on Decision Support Systems Lisbon, Portugal, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Jarzebowski, P.; Acton, T.; O'Riain, S. (2010) Improving Customer Decisions Using Product Reviews: CROM - Car Review Opinion Miner 6th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies Valencia, Spain, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T. (2010) Improving Consumer Decision Making Through Preference Relaxation The IADIS (International Association for Development of the Information Society) Conference on Information Systems Porto, Portugal, [ARAN Link] [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T. (2010) Comparing Techniques for Preference Relaxation: a Decision Theory Perspective 11th International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Web Technologies (EC-Web 2010) Bilbao, Spain, [Details] |
| O'BOYLE, P.; ACTON, T.; CAMPION, M.; CONBOY, K.; SCOTT, M. (2009) Towards a Toolset for Intranet Evaluation 22nd Bled eConference on eEnablement (Facilitating an Open, Effective and Representative eSociety) Bled, Slovenia, [Details] |
| HALONEN, R.; HAAPALA, H.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K..; GOLDEN, W. (2009) Information Systems - Unavoidable Nuisances in Combining Local Administratives? 22nd Bled eConference on eEnablement (Facilitating an Open, Effective and Representative eSociety) Bled, Slovenia, [Details] |
| HALONEN, R.; ACTON, T.; GOLDEN, W.; CONBOY, K. (2009) The DeLone & McLean Success Model as a Descriptive Tool in Evaluating the Use of a Virtual Learning Environment International Conference on Organizational Learning, Knowledge and Capabilities (OLKC 2009) Amsterdam, Netherlands, [Details] |
| COYLE, S.; CONBOY, K.; ACTON, T. (2009) Contribution Behaviours in Systems Development - A Position Paper Irish Social Sciences Platform (Social Science Research and Policy Making: Bridging the Divide) Galway, Ireland, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2009) Challenges for Aided Online Shopping and Product Selection - A Decision Making Perspective Irish Social Sciences Platform (Social Science Research and Policy Making: Bridging the Divide) Galway, Ireland, [ARAN Link] [Details] |
| SHARKEY, U.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K. (2009) Optimal Product Information Display Formats in Online Shopping Scenarios: Implications for Management Practice and Policy Formation Irish Social Sciences Platform (Social Science Research and Policy Making: Bridging the Divide) Galway, Ireland, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2009) Personal Mobility in Work Contexts Irish Social Sciences Platform (Social Science Research and Policy Making: Bridging the Divide) Galway, Ireland, [Details] |
| CONBOY, K.; ACTON, T.; HALONEN, R. (2009) Presenting Data for Team-Based Decision-Making in Agile Information Systems Projects 17th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Verona, Italy, [Details] |
| Halonen, R.; Acton, T.; Golden, W.; Conboy, K. (2009) The DeLone & McLean success model as a descriptive tool in evaluating a virtual learning environment International Conference on Organizational Learning, Knowledge and Capabilities (OLKC) Amsterdam, Netherlands, [Details] |
| SHARKEY, U.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K. (2009) Modelling the Effects of Decision Tools in Online Shopping 22nd Bled eConference on eEnablement (Facilitating an Open, Effective and Representative eSociety) Bled, Slovenia, [Details] |
| HALONEN, R.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K.; GOLDEN, W. (2008) Access Rights as a Part of Information Security in Enterprises Association of Information Systems SIGSEC Workshop on Information Security & Privacy (WISP) Paris, France, , 18-DEC-08 - 18-DEC-08 [Details] |
| CONBOY, K.; ACTON, T.; HALONEN, R. (2008) Data Presentation for Agile Information Systems Project Decision Making Supporting real time decision-making: The role of context in decision support on the move, SIG DSS Pre-ICIS Workshop on Real Time Decision Support - RTDMC International Conference on Information Systems Paris, France, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2008) Presenting the unpresentable: how to display data for decision-making Irish Social Sciences Platform Conference Dublin City University, Dublin, [Details] |
| Smyth, J.; Acton, T. (2008) Information Visualisation on Small Form Factor Devices Irish Social Sciences Platform Conference Dublin City University, Dublin, [Details] |
| Dabrowski, M.; Acton, T. (2008) Information Systems in the era of Knowledge-based economy and online communities Irish Social Sciences Platform Conference Dublin City University, Dublin, [Details] |
| Karpinska, A.; Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2008) Information Systems Evolving: The changing nature of decision making Irish Social Sciences Platform Conference Dublin City University, Dublin, [Details] |
| Sharkey, U.; Acton, T.; Conboy, K. (2008) Decisive and Incisive â“ The Path of DSS Irish Social Sciences Platform Conference Dublin City University, Dublin, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2007) Decision Support for Small Screen Information Systems . In: Klein, S eds. IFIP 8.3 task force on learning from case studies in decision making and decision support University College Cork, Ireland, , pp.129-135 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2007) Support for Small Screen Information Systems . In: Adam, F eds. IFIP 8.3 task force on learning from case studies in decision making and decision support University College Cork, Ireland, [Details] |
| Hill, S.; Scott, M.; Acton, T.; O'Boyle, P. (2006) Developing Best Practice in Intranet Evaluation: A Comparison of Evaluation Models for Usability and Acceptance Information Resources Management Association International Conference Washington, D.C., USA, [Details] |
| Hill, S.; Acton, T.; Scott, M.; Farren, N. (2006) Interactive Television: A Study into the Diffusion of a New Technology in Britain and Ireland Information Resources Management Association International Conference Washington, D.C., USA, [Details] |
| Sharkey, U., Scott, M. and Acton, T. (2006) The influence of quality on the success of e-commerce systems . In: Ljungberg J, A. M eds. 14th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Goteborg, Sweden, , pp.1711-1722 [Details] |
| Hill, S.; Acton, T.; Scott, M.; Farren, N. (2006) Television: A Study into the Diffusion of a New Technology in Britain and Ireland Information Resources Management Association International Conference Washington, D.C., USA, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2006) Mobile Interfaces for Decision Support . In: Adam, F., Brezillon, P., Carlsson, S. and Humphreys, P eds. IFIP WG8.3 International Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Decision Making and Decision Support London School of Economics, London, UK, , pp.340-356 [Details] |
| Hill, S.; Acton, T.; Scott, M. (2005) Intranet Redesign: Management And Employee Perspectives on Usability 18th Bled eCommerce Conference Bled, Slovenia, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2005) Effects of See-Through Interfaces on User Acceptance of Small-Screen Information Systems 13th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) Regensburg, Germany, [Details] |
| Gudea, S.; Raman, M.; Acton, T. (2005) Machine Translation to Enhance Knowledge Management ISOneWorld Conference Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2005) The Effectiveness of Decision Support Systems on Mobile Devices Decision Support Systems Workshop at International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Scott, M.; Hill, S. (2005) E-Education - Keys To Success For Organisations 18th Bled eCommerce Conference Bled, Slovenia, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2004) Decision Support on Mobile Devices: Some Preliminary Evidence 18th Bled eCommerce Conference Bled, Slovenia, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Barry, C. (2004) E-Learning for Technology Managers: A Distance Education Case Study . In: Baile, S. and Dufod, E eds. International Conference on E-Learning and Management Education Toulouse, France, [Details] |
| Acton, T. (2004) Personalising the Masses 2nd Annual Teaching and Learning Conference Galway, Ireland, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Scott, M.; Flanagan, D. (2004) Redesigning the Intranet: Managerial and Employee Perspectives 7th Irish Academy Of Management Annual Conference Dublin, Ireland, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Hughes, M.; Scott, M. (2004) A Comparison of the Effectiveness of E-Learning Versus Instruction-Led Training for Modular Training Requirements 7th Irish Academy Of Management Annual Conference Dublin, Ireland, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Scott, M.; Brown, J.; Flanagan, D. (2004) Business Intranet Redesign: Can High Usability Mediate Competitive Advantage? 9th European Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technologies and Research University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; Gudea, S.; Scott, M. (2004) Usability and Acceptance in Small-Screen Information Systems 9th European Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technologies and Research University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2004) Decision Support For Using Electronic Markets on Mobile Devices . In: Klein, S eds. 11th Research Symposium on Emerging Electronic Markets (Relationships in Electronic Markets) Dublin, Ireland, , pp.129-135 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2003) Active Screen Space Maximisation on Small Devices . In: Acton, T. and Swatman, P eds. 8th European Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technologies and Research Galway, Ireland, , pp.132-143 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Keane, C. (2003) Biometrics In Ireland's Public Services The 6th Irish Academy Of Management Annual Conference Dublin, Ireland, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2003) Measuring User Interface Usability: How Different Metrics Differ 6th HCI Educators Workshop: Effective Teaching and Training in HCI Edinburgh, Scotland, , pp.8-11 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Barry, C.; Tiernan, D.; Hogan, M. (2003) Websites For Irish Children: Implications For Design 6th Irish Academy Of Management Annual Conference Dublin, Ireland, , pp.119-120 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; van der Heijden, H. (2003) Effects of See-Through Interfaces on User Acceptance of Small-Screen Information Systems International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) Seattle, Washington, USA, [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Barry, C.; Lavin, P. (2002) Designing Distance Education E-learning for Technology Managers: how do we develop good Programmes? . In: O'Toole, T., Harrington, D. and McCarthy, A eds. 5th Irish Academy of Management Conference Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, , pp.44-45 [Details] |
| Barry, C.; Acton, T.; Lavin, P. (2002) Issues and Concerns in the Planning and Development of a Distance Education E-Learning programme for Technology Managers International Conference on Informatics Education and Research (ICIER) Barcelona, Spain, , pp.40-51 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W.; Scott, M. (2002) Training the knowledge worker: A descriptive study of training practices in Irish software companies . In: O'Toole, T., Harrington, D. and McCarthy, A eds. 5th Irish Academy of Management Conference Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, , pp.172-173 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2002) Training: the way to retain valuable IT employees? . In: Cohen, E eds. Informing Science and Information Technology Education Conference Cork, Ireland, , pp.1-12 [Details] |
| Acton, T.; Golden, W. (2002) An investigation into the use of a transparent user interface for 3rd generation mobile phones 7th European Collaborative Electronic Commerce Technologies and Research Toulouse, France, , pp.107-122 [Details] |
| Acton, T. (2001) The Impact of Training (and Retraining) of IT personnel on Employee Retention . In: O'Toole, T eds. 4th Irish Academy of Management Conference Derry, Ireland, , pp.172-173 [Details] |
Published Reports
| Acton, T. (2012) Cloud becomes a reality: what's next in cloud computing?. Eolas, Dublin. [DOI] [Details] |
Pamphlet
| DRURY, M.; ACTON, T.; CONBOY, K. (2012) Understanding an Agile Software Development Team's Decision Making. Dublin: Pamphlet [Details] |
Teaching Interests
| Business Application Development |